U.S. FWS
Environmental Conservation Online System
Conserving the Nature of America

Recovery Plan Action Status

Plan Name: Recovery Plan for the Multi-Island Plants
Plan Status: Final
Plan Date: 10-Jul-99
Lead Agency: USFWS
Lead Office: Pacific Islands Fish And Wildlife Office ( (808) 792-9400 )
Species Action Priority # Action # Action Description Action Status Est. Initiation Date Est. Completion Date Responsible Parties Work Type Labor Type Action Comments Implementation Activities
Alani (Melicope munroi), Haha (Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis), Haha (Cyanea glabra), Haha (Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora), Kamakahala (Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis), Kamakahala (Labordia triflora), Kohe malama malama o kanaloa (Kanaloa kahoolawensis), Kopa (Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi), Na`ena`e (Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis), `Oha wai (Clermontia samuelii) 1 11 Identify and map all extant wild populations Ongoing Not Current Prior to FY 1995 National Park Service, U.S. Department of Defense, The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services Division Research: Population Surveys Contract This is an ongoing action, as the status of the species and their threats change constantly. NOTE: The tasks in this plan only cover the 10 species in the addendum to the Multi-island plan.
Alani (Melicope munroi), Haha (Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis), Haha (Cyanea glabra), Haha (Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora), Kamakahala (Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis), Kamakahala (Labordia triflora), Kohe malama malama o kanaloa (Kanaloa kahoolawensis), Kopa (Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi), Na`ena`e (Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis), `Oha wai (Clermontia samuelii) 1 12 Delineate management units Ongoing Not Current Prior to FY 1995 Hawaii Department of Agriculture, The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources Management: Planning Species Expert, Contract, Internal Technical Assistance, Internal Administrative This task has been intiated through the development of essential plant habitat by the HPPRCC and CH designations, but needs to be refined for each species and its full recovery needs.
Alani (Melicope munroi), Haha (Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis), Haha (Cyanea glabra), Haha (Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora), Kamakahala (Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis), Kamakahala (Labordia triflora), Kohe malama malama o kanaloa (Kanaloa kahoolawensis), Kopa (Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi), Na`ena`e (Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis), `Oha wai (Clermontia samuelii) 1 13 Ensure long-term protection of habitat Ongoing Not Current Prior to FY 1995 Private landowners, National Park Service, U.S. Department of Defense, The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services Division Acquisition: Lease Internal Administrative This task is complete for watershed partnerships for East Maui, West Maui Mountains, and East Molokai; Lanaihale through a cooperative agreement with Castle and Cooke and the Service; and Kahoolawe Island Restoration Commission.
Alani (Melicope munroi), Haha (Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis), Haha (Cyanea glabra), Haha (Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora), Kamakahala (Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis), Kamakahala (Labordia triflora), Kohe malama malama o kanaloa (Kanaloa kahoolawensis), Kopa (Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi), `Oha wai (Clermontia samuelii) 1 1411 Construct and maintain fencing, whereever possible Ongoing Not Current Prior to FY 1995 Private landowners, National Park Service, U.S. Department of Defense, The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services Division Management: Habitat Maintenance and Manipulation Contract Fencing is partially complete for East Molokai, East Maui, and West Maui Mountains watershed partnerships and Lanaihale. Fencing is complete for Haleakala National Park, Kamakou Preserve, Waikamoi Preserve,Pahole Natural Area Reserve.
Alani (Melicope munroi), Haha (Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis), Haha (Cyanea glabra), Haha (Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora), Kamakahala (Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis), Kamakahala (Labordia triflora), Kohe malama malama o kanaloa (Kanaloa kahoolawensis), Kopa (Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi), `Oha wai (Clermontia samuelii) 1 1412 Evaluate the potential for eradication programs for control of ungulates or establishment of game preserves Discontinued FY 2000 - FY 2004 Private landowners, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services Division Management: Habitat Maintenance and Manipulation Contract This task has been discontinued because the political climate in Hawaii at this time will not support island-wide eradication of nonnative ungulates, which are hunted for food.
Alani (Melicope munroi), Haha (Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis), Haha (Cyanea glabra), Haha (Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora), Kamakahala (Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis), Kamakahala (Labordia triflora), Kohe malama malama o kanaloa (Kanaloa kahoolawensis), Kopa (Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi), Na`ena`e (Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis), `Oha wai (Clermontia samuelii) 1 142 Provide necessary fire protection Ongoing Not Current FY 1995 - FY 1999 National Park Service, U.S. Department of Defense, The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services Division Management: Habitat Maintenance and Manipulation Contract
Alani (Melicope munroi), Haha (Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis), Haha (Cyanea glabra), Haha (Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora), Kamakahala (Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis), Kamakahala (Labordia triflora), Kohe malama malama o kanaloa (Kanaloa kahoolawensis), Kopa (Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi), Na`ena`e (Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis), `Oha wai (Clermontia samuelii) 1 143 Provide necessary fire protection Ongoing Not Current FY 1995 - FY 1999 National Park Service, U.S. Department of Defense, The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services Division Management: Habitat Maintenance and Manipulation Contract
Alani (Melicope munroi), Haha (Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis), Haha (Cyanea glabra), Haha (Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora), Kamakahala (Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis), Kamakahala (Labordia triflora), Kohe malama malama o kanaloa (Kanaloa kahoolawensis), Kopa (Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi), Na`ena`e (Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis), `Oha wai (Clermontia samuelii) 1 145 Propagate and maintain genetic stock of each taxon ex situ Ongoing Not Current Prior to FY 1995 National Park Service, U.S. Department of Defense, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, Botanical Gardens, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services Division Management: Propagation Contract The existing ex situ collections are not genetically adequate. The Maui Nui genetic safety net program, initiated in early 2006, will collect full genetic representation of all species with fewer than 50 individuals remaining in the wild on Molokai, Maui, and Lanai.
Alani (Melicope munroi), Haha (Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis), Haha (Cyanea glabra), Haha (Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora), Kamakahala (Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis), Kamakahala (Labordia triflora), Kohe malama malama o kanaloa (Kanaloa kahoolawensis), Kopa (Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi), Na`ena`e (Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis), `Oha wai (Clermontia samuelii) 1 146 Ensure availability of pollination vectors Ongoing Not Current FY 1995 - FY 1999 National Park Service, U.S. Department of Defense, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services Division Management: Other Contract For most species in this recovery plan, the pollinator still needs to be determined.
Alani (Melicope munroi), Haha (Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis), Haha (Cyanea glabra), Haha (Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora), Kamakahala (Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis), Kamakahala (Labordia triflora), Kohe malama malama o kanaloa (Kanaloa kahoolawensis), Kopa (Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi), Na`ena`e (Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis), `Oha wai (Clermontia samuelii) 1 147 Protect areas from human distrubance Ongoing Not Current FY 1995 - FY 1999 Private landowners, National Park Service, U.S. Department of Defense, The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services Division Management: Habitat Maintenance and Manipulation Contract
Alani (Melicope munroi), Haha (Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis), Haha (Cyanea glabra), Haha (Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora), Kamakahala (Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis), Kamakahala (Labordia triflora), Kohe malama malama o kanaloa (Kanaloa kahoolawensis), Kopa (Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi), Na`ena`e (Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis), `Oha wai (Clermontia samuelii) 1 149 Control all other identified threats Not Started Private landowners, National Park Service, U.S. Department of Defense, The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services Division Management: Predator and Competitor Control Species Expert, Contract, Internal Field Assistance This task has not started because no other threats have been identified.
Alani (Melicope munroi), Haha (Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis), Haha (Cyanea glabra), Haha (Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora), Kamakahala (Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis), Kamakahala (Labordia triflora), Kohe malama malama o kanaloa (Kanaloa kahoolawensis), Kopa (Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi), Na`ena`e (Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis), `Oha wai (Clermontia samuelii) 2 21 Select populations for expansion Ongoing Not Current FY 1995 - FY 1999 Private landowners, The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services Division Management: Reintroduction Contract This task is limited based on the material available in ex situ collections.
Alani (Melicope munroi), Haha (Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis), Haha (Cyanea glabra), Haha (Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora), Kamakahala (Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis), Kamakahala (Labordia triflora), Kohe malama malama o kanaloa (Kanaloa kahoolawensis), Kopa (Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi), Na`ena`e (Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis), `Oha wai (Clermontia samuelii) 2 22 Prepare sites and plant Ongoing Not Current FY 1995 - FY 1999 Private landowners, The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services Division Management: Reintroduction Contract This task is limited based on the material available in ex situ collections.
Alani (Melicope munroi), Haha (Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis), Haha (Cyanea glabra), Haha (Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora), Kamakahala (Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis), Kamakahala (Labordia triflora), Kohe malama malama o kanaloa (Kanaloa kahoolawensis), Kopa (Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi), Na`ena`e (Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis), `Oha wai (Clermontia samuelii) 2 31 Collect diagnostic data on crucial associated ecosystem components Ongoing Not Current Prior to FY 1995 U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources Research: Habitat Requirements Graduate Student, Species Expert, Contract, Internal Field Assistance Critical habitat, and the suitable habitat from which critical habitat was derived, has been identified for all species in this recovery plan. Additional studies are needed to develop more precise microclimate needds for each species.
Alani (Melicope munroi), Haha (Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis), Haha (Cyanea glabra), Haha (Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora), Kamakahala (Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis), Kamakahala (Labordia triflora), Kohe malama malama o kanaloa (Kanaloa kahoolawensis), Kopa (Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi), Na`ena`e (Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis), `Oha wai (Clermontia samuelii) 2 32 Map alien vegetation Ongoing Not Current FY 1995 - FY 1999 U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services Division Research: Habitat Status Contract This task is being conducted for some alien species by the vaious island based Invasive Species Committees and BRD's Hawaii Ecosystems at Risk, but a more concerted effort is needed.
Alani (Melicope munroi), Haha (Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis), Haha (Cyanea glabra), Haha (Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora), Kamakahala (Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis), Kamakahala (Labordia triflora), Kohe malama malama o kanaloa (Kanaloa kahoolawensis), Kopa (Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi), Na`ena`e (Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis), `Oha wai (Clermontia samuelii) 2 33 Study various aspects of growth Ongoing Not Current Prior to FY 1995 U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services Division Research: Demographic Studies Contract The current knowledge has been gathered mainly from incidental observations during propagation, field surveys, and monitoring. More detailed experimental research is needed to fully understand this aspect of the species.
Alani (Melicope munroi), Haha (Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis), Haha (Cyanea glabra), Haha (Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora), Kamakahala (Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis), Kamakahala (Labordia triflora), Kohe malama malama o kanaloa (Kanaloa kahoolawensis), Kopa (Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi), Na`ena`e (Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis), `Oha wai (Clermontia samuelii) 2 34 Study reproductive viability Ongoing Not Current Prior to FY 1995 U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services Division Research: Genetics Contract The current knowledge has been gathered mainly from incidental observations during propagation, field surveys, and monitoring. More detailed experimental research is needed to fully understand this aspect of the species.
Alani (Melicope munroi), Haha (Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis), Haha (Cyanea glabra), Haha (Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora), Kamakahala (Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis), Kamakahala (Labordia triflora), Kohe malama malama o kanaloa (Kanaloa kahoolawensis), Kopa (Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi), Na`ena`e (Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis), `Oha wai (Clermontia samuelii) 2 35 Determine parameters of viable populations Not Started U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services Division Other: Regulations Contract
Alani (Melicope munroi), Haha (Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis), Haha (Cyanea glabra), Haha (Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora), Kamakahala (Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis), Kamakahala (Labordia triflora), Kohe malama malama o kanaloa (Kanaloa kahoolawensis), Kopa (Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi), Na`ena`e (Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis), `Oha wai (Clermontia samuelii) 2 36 Determine effects of insects and/or diseases, and develop control methods, as needed Ongoing Not Current FY 1995 - FY 1999 U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services Division Research: Predation Contract
Alani (Melicope munroi), Haha (Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis), Haha (Cyanea glabra), Haha (Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora), Kamakahala (Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis), Kamakahala (Labordia triflora), Kohe malama malama o kanaloa (Kanaloa kahoolawensis), Kopa (Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi), Na`ena`e (Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis), `Oha wai (Clermontia samuelii) 2 37 Identify and test potential biocontrol agents for host specificity and efficacy of control Ongoing Not Current FY 1995 - FY 1999 Hawaii Department of Agriculture Research: Management Techniques Contract Some testing has occurred for control of members of the Melastomataceae and for Christmas berry, but the biocontrol agents tested to date are not very effective.
Alani (Melicope munroi), Haha (Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis), Haha (Cyanea glabra), Haha (Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora), Kamakahala (Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis), Kamakahala (Labordia triflora), Kohe malama malama o kanaloa (Kanaloa kahoolawensis), Kopa (Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi), Na`ena`e (Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis), `Oha wai (Clermontia samuelii) 2 38 Evaluate results and use in future management Ongoing Not Current FY 1995 - FY 1999 Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services Division Research: Management Techniques Contract
Alani (Melicope munroi), Haha (Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis), Haha (Cyanea glabra), Haha (Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora), Kamakahala (Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis), Kamakahala (Labordia triflora), Kohe malama malama o kanaloa (Kanaloa kahoolawensis), Kopa (Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi), Na`ena`e (Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis), `Oha wai (Clermontia samuelii) 3 4 Develop and implement long-term monitoring programs for all species Ongoing Not Current FY 1995 - FY 1999 National Park Service, U.S. Department of Defense, The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, Botanical Gardens, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services Division Research: Population Surveys Contract
Alani (Melicope munroi), Haha (Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis), Haha (Cyanea glabra), Haha (Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora), Kamakahala (Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis), Kamakahala (Labordia triflora), Kohe malama malama o kanaloa (Kanaloa kahoolawensis), Kopa (Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi), Na`ena`e (Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis), `Oha wai (Clermontia samuelii) 3 51 Investigate feasibility and desirability of reintroduction Ongoing Not Current Prior to FY 1995 U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services Division Management: Reintroduction, Management: Planning Graduate Student, Species Expert, Contract, Internal Technical Assistance This task is considered for any species with fewer than 50 individuals remaining in the wild. The Maui Nui GSN program will look for reintroduction sites to conduct small-scale management and reintroduction for such species on Molokai, Maui, and Lanai.
Alani (Melicope munroi), Haha (Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis), Haha (Cyanea glabra), Haha (Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora), Kamakahala (Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis), Kamakahala (Labordia triflora), Kohe malama malama o kanaloa (Kanaloa kahoolawensis), Kopa (Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi), Na`ena`e (Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis), `Oha wai (Clermontia samuelii) 3 52 Develop and implement specific plans for reestablishment Not Started Private landowners, U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services Division Management: Reintroduction, Management: Planning Graduate Student, Species Expert, Contract, Internal Technical Assistance This task has not been started for any of the 10 species in this recovery plan.
Alani (Melicope munroi), Haha (Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis), Haha (Cyanea glabra), Haha (Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora), Kamakahala (Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis), Kamakahala (Labordia triflora), Kohe malama malama o kanaloa (Kanaloa kahoolawensis), Kopa (Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi), Na`ena`e (Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis), `Oha wai (Clermontia samuelii) 3 61 Determine number of populations and individuals needed for long-term survival Not Started U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services Division Other: Regulations Contract
Alani (Melicope munroi), Haha (Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis), Haha (Cyanea glabra), Haha (Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora), Kamakahala (Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis), Kamakahala (Labordia triflora), Kohe malama malama o kanaloa (Kanaloa kahoolawensis), Kopa (Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi), Na`ena`e (Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis), `Oha wai (Clermontia samuelii) 3 62 Refine/revise downlisting and delisting criteria Not Started U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services Division Other: Regulations Contract
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