Species Profile for Nani wai`ale`ale(Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis)

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Nani wai`ale`ale (Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis)

Taxonomy:

View taxonomy in ITIS

Listing Status: Endangered

Where Listed: WHEREVER FOUND

General Information

Viola kauaensis var. wahiawaensis, a member of the violet family (Violaceae), is a perennial herb with upward curving or weakly rising, hairless, lateral stems about 10 to 50 cm (4 to 20 in) long. The kidney- to heart-shaped leaves are usually 2.0 to 5.0 cm (0.8 to 2.0 in) long and 3.5 to 6.0 cm (1.4 to 2.4 in) wide and widely spaced. The toothed leaf blades are unlobed or rarely three-lobed, hairless or covered with a few minute hairs, with a broadly wedge-shaped base. The solitary flowers are borne in the leaf axils. Two types of flowers are present. One is self-pollinating and does not open, while the other opens and requires cross-pollination. The flowers that open have hairless petals, which are white on the upper surface and purple or blue to white on the lower surface. These petals are narrowly spatula-shaped, the upper petals measuring about 15.0 to 19.0 mm (0.6 to 0.7 in) long, the lateral ones about 18.0 to 23.0 mm (0.7 to 0.9 in) long, and the lower ones about 18.0 to 23.0 mm (0.7 to 1.0 in) long. The non-opening flowers usually occur on short lateral stems. Their greenish petals are hairless, the upper ones being three-lobed and about 1.0 to 1.6 mm (0.04 to 0.06 in) long. The fruit is a deeply lobed capsule 8.0 to 13.0 mm (0.3 to 0.5 in) long.

Current Listing Status Summary

Show entries

Status	Date Listed	Lead Region	Where Listed
Endangered	10-10-1996	Pacific Region (Region 1)	Wherever found

Showing 1 to 1 of 1 entries

» Range Information

Current Range

Last Updated: 10-05-2021 - Wherever found

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Wherever found
Listing status: Endangered

States/US Territories in which this population is known to or is believed to occur: Hawaii
US Counties in which this population is known to or is believed to occur: View All

USFWS Refuges in which this population is known to occur:

State	County
Hawaii	Kauai

» Candidate Information

No Candidate information available for this species.

No Candidate Assessments available for this species.

Candidate Notice of Review Documents

Show entries

Date	Citation Page	Title
02/28/1996	61 FR 7597 7613	ETWP; Review of Plant and Animal Taxa That Are Candidates for Listing as Endangered or Threatened Species
09/30/1993	58 FR 51144 51190	ETWP; Review of Plant Taxa for Listing as Endangered or Threatened Species
02/21/1990	55 FR 6184 6229	ETWP; Review of Plant Taxa for Listing as Endangered or Threatened Species; Notice of Review; 55 FR 6184 6229
09/27/1985	50 FR 39526 39584	Review of Plant Taxa for Listing as End. or Thr. Species; Notice of Review; 50 FR 39526-39584
11/28/1983	48 FR 53640 53670	Supplement to Review of Plant Taxa for Listing as End. or Thr. Species; 48 FR 53640-53670
12/15/1980	45 FR 82480 82569	Review of Plant Taxa for Listing as Endangered or Threatened Species

Showing 1 to 6 of 6 entries

No Uplisting Documents currently available for this species.

» Federal Register Documents

Federal Register Documents

Show entries

Date	Citation Page	Title
03/11/2020	85 FR 14240 14243	Initiation of 5- Year Status Reviews for 129 Species in Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Hawaii, Montana, California, and Nevada
02/13/2015	80 FR 8100 8103	Initiation of 5-Year Status Reviews of 133 Species in Hawaii, Oregon, Idaho, and Washington
03/08/2007	72 FR 10547 10550	Initiation of 5-Year Reviews of 71 Species in Oregon, Hawaii, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and Territory of Guam
02/27/2003	68 FR 9116 9479	Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Final Designation or Nondesignation of Critical Habitat for 95 Plant Species From the Islands of Kauai and Niihau, HI; Final Rule
08/26/2002	67 FR 54766 54767	Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Designations and Non-designations of Critical Habitat for Plant Species From the Islands of Kauai, Niihau, Maui, Kahoolawe, Molokai, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, Hawaii, and Oahu, Hawaii; Alll Plants Open comment Period
01/28/2002	67 FR 3940 3988	ETWP; Revised Determinations of Prudency and Proposed Designations of Critical Habitat for Plant Species From the Islands of Kauai and Niihau, Hawaii
03/07/2001	66 FR 13691 13692	ETWP; Reopening of Comment Period and Notice of Availability of the Draft Economic Analysis for Proposed Critical Habitat for 76 Plants From the Islands of Kauai and Niihau, HI
01/18/2001	66 FR 4782 4783	Reopening of Comment Period and Public Hearings: Determinations of Whether Designation of Critical Habitat is Prudent for 81 Plants and Proposed Designations for 76 Plants From the Islands of Kauai and Niihau, Hawaii
11/07/2000	65 FR 66808 66885	Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Determinations of Whether Desigantion of Critical Habitat is Prudent for 81 Plants and Proposed Designations for 76 Plants From the Islands of Kauai and Niihau, Hawaii; Proposed Rule
10/10/1996	61 FR 53070 53089	ETWP; Determination of Endangered or Threatened status for Nineteen Plant Species From the Island of Kauai, Hawaii

Showing 1 to 10 of 17 entries

» Species Status Assessments (SSAs)

Species Status Assessments (SSAs)

No Species Status Assessments (SSA's) are currently available for this species.

Special Rule Publications

No Special Rule Publications currently available for this species.

» Recovery

Species with Recovery Documents Data Explorer
Recovery Priority Number: 6

Current Recovery Plan(s)

Show entries

Date	Plan Stage	Recovery Plan	Implementation Status	SSAs/Biological Reports	Recovery Implementation Strategies
08/27/2021	Final Revision 1	Kauai Islandwide Recovery Plan	View Implementation Progress

Showing 1 to 1 of 1 entries

Date	Citation Page	Title	Document Type
03/11/2020	85 FR 14240 14243	Initiation of 5- Year Status Reviews for 129 Species in Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Hawaii, Montana, California, and Nevada	Five Year Review Notice, Information Solicitation
02/13/2015	80 FR 8100 8103	Initiation of 5-Year Status Reviews of 133 Species in Hawaii, Oregon, Idaho, and Washington	Five Year Review Notice, Information Solicitation
03/08/2007	72 FR 10547 10550	Initiation of 5-Year Reviews of 71 Species in Oregon, Hawaii, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and Territory of Guam	Five Year Review Notice, Information Solicitation

Date	Title
08/10/2022	Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis 5-Year Review
09/18/2017	Nani wai`ale`ale(Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis) 5-Year Review
07/21/2009	Nani wai`ale`ale(Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis) 5-Year Review

» Critical Habitat

Critical Habitat Spatial Extents

Population(s)

Wherever found

Critical Habitat Documents

Show entries

Date	Citation Page	Title	Critical Habitat Shapefile	Document Type
02/27/2003	68 FR 9116 9479	Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Final Designation or Nondesignation of Critical Habitat for 95 Plant Species From the Islands of Kauai and Niihau, HI; Final Rule	Download	Final

Showing 1 to 1 of 1 entries

To learn more about critical habitat please see https://ecos.fws.gov/crithab

» Conservation Plans

No Conservation Plans currently available for this species.

» Petitions

No Petitions currently available for this species.

» Biological Opinions

To see all FWS Issued Biological Opinions please visit the BO Report.

» Life History

Habitat Requirements

Viola kauaensis var. wahiawaensis occurs in Machaerina angustifolia (uki) Rhynchospora rugosa (kuolohia) lowland bog or mixed wet shrubland and adjacent Metrosideros polymorpha (ohia) wet forest at elevations between 393 and 1,006 m (1,291 and 3,301 ft). Associated native plant species include Antidesma platyphyllum var. hillebrandii (hame), Bidens forbesii (kookoolau), Euphorbia remyi (akoko), E. sparsiflora (akoko), Coprosma spp. (pilo), Cyanea fissa (haha), Dicranopteris linearis (uluhe), Diplopterygium pinnatum (uluhe lau nui), Dubautia imbricata (naenae), D. raillardioides (naenae), Gahnia vitiensis (NCN), Leptechophylla tameiameiae (pukiawe), Lobelia kauaensis (pue), Machaerina angustifolia (uki), Machaerina mariscoides (ahaniu), Melicope spp. (alani), Psychotria wawrae (kopiko), Sadleria pallida (amau), Scaevola gaudichaudii (naupaka kuahiwi), Sphenomeris chinensis (palaa), Syzygium sandwicensis (ohia ha), Polyscias oahuensis (ohe makua), and Vaccinium dentatum (ohelo)

Movement / Home Range

Viola kauaensis var. wahiawaensis historically occured in Wahiawa Bog. It currently occurs in Wahiawa Bog and between Mount Kapalaoa and Mount Kahili.

Reproductive Strategy

Among the Hawaiian violets, only Viola kauaensis exhibits a mixed-breeding system that includes cleistogamy (the traits of certain plants to self-pollinate and propagate by using non-opening, self-pollinating flowers). V. kauaensis flowers throughout the entire year. Its pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors remain unknown.

Other

Two varieties of this species are recognized, both occurring on Kauai: var. kauaensis and var. wahiawaensis. Variety wahiawaensis is distinguished by having broadly wedge-shaped leaf bases, whereas var. kauaensis has heart-shaped to truncate leaf bases. The species is distinguished from others of the genus by its non-woody habit, widely spaced leaves, and by having two types of flowers: conspicuous, open flowers and smaller, unopened flowers.

» Other Resources

NatureServe Explorer Species Reports-- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and Canada. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports-- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video." +